what is Linguistics Parallelism ?

The Language we use in literature is divergent from the normal way of communication in many ways. The writers specially the literary writers are more concerned with their subjects rather than their structure. They are special and gifted people because they play upon upon words, essential examples, and models of language use to infer certain special aims. This idea not only immune literary persona from all language limits, rather give them free hand to exercise their own construction and structures. This belief and idea is rightly addressed by the language analysts. Halliday (1996) maintains that: “Linguistics is not and will never be the whole of literary analysis, and only the literaryexpert, not the etymologist, can decide the spot of etymology in artistic examinations. Yet, in the event that a text is to be portrayed by any stretch of the imagination, then it ought to be depicted appropriately; and this implies by the speculations and techniques created in etymology, the subject whose assignment is unequivocally to show how language works”. This concept and belief not only create space or dimension for the language theories and models to be followed but also lodge the due role of linguists in the study of literature. Halliday’s view seems more open, explicit and wider. As such the following language analysts and experts directed their concern to a more focused analysis. In this regard Thorne (1970) believes one can find in poems landscapes that are irregular with respect to the code yet ordinary inside the setting of the sonnet. It is, therefore, proposed that each poem may be regarded and taken as a different language or dialect which needs a separate grammar.Thorne's proposed origination prompted new ways for the free practice of literary combinations by introducing the concept of code and language reference. Linguistic parallelism in words, phrases and sentence building patterns within the same language in different literary writers is a common linguistic marvel. It is the most attractive technique of Linguistics because it has attracted the attention of many scholars and language experts in recent times. Linguistic parallelism is the tendency of using parallel forms together within a continuous discourse and texts, has been discussed from different viewpoints. According to Sankoff (1978), for instance, linguistic parallelism works on numerous levels: discourse, clause phrase as well as word level. Kiparsky (1978) notes that parallelism between the two enlargements as well as between the criteria were developed to separate lexical from post-lexical rules in phonology. Kiparsky, however, tries to put the broader and wide horizons of Linguistic parallelism in the narrow scope of phonology. To Fish (1981, p. 53) Stylistics was established and came into being in reaction to the "subjectivity and imprecision of literary studies". For the appreciate raptures of the impressionistic critic, stylisticians relevance to "substitute precise and laborious linguistic descriptions to interpretations for which they can claim a measure of objectivity.” In this way Widdowson (1988) suggests that “the character of literature is that the language of a abstract work ought to be designed into designs well beyond those expected by the actual language system”. He further rationales that the objective and goal of this patterning is to create acts of communication which are self-contained units, free of a social context and expressive of a reality other than that which is authorized by convention. Here we can see that Widdowson goes too liberal and free and claims unconfined freedom to the literary compositions of all language rules and regulations. However, the language of literature does not resemble to normal mode of communication and is deviant and different from the normal language patterns. In literary writing "one constantly comes across sentences which would not be generated by an English grammar but which are nevertheless interpretable” Widdowson (1988). He furthers mentions that “poets cannot simply ignore the normal meanings of words and invent entirely new meanings at will since they are using a language code which already exists and upon which they depend for communication". Opposing to Widdowson, Fowler (1996) reviewed the language norms to be followed in literature by correlating literature with society communicative principles. According to Fowler (1996),“literary texts do speak and participate in society's communicative principles, and are important in influencing world view and social structure” (p. 130).So, it depends on the reader of the text as a participant in the writer's discourse patterns to interpret, analyze and understand text of literature on the basis of linguistic models and patterns. It organizes the triangulation among the writer, his writings as well as his reader to read and understand him in the same medium in which he showed his deeply felt thoughts. Simpson (1997, p. 4) makes a meaningful comment in this regard: Part of the stylistic concern is to exile the imprecision, speculations and flights of fancy that have characterized much traditional and practical criticism. The aim instead is to arrive at a agreement about a text in light of a principled and deliberate review strategy. Part of this concentrate on methodology includes the utilization of enlightening models of language that are retrievable furthermore, available to different understudies of stylistics. Adding their own and individual view to the conversation, Lambrou and Stockwell (2007, p. 3) battle that stylistics involves portraying "as methodicallly and transparently as conceivable the idea of the literary proof which goes with the specific perusing of the text". Moreover, they add that this essential result of stylistics gives an engaging record of literary mechanics and the perusing process which is made accessible in a typical money of register, to permit other stylisticians to look at their own record, check or disagree with the examination (Lambrou&Stockwell, 2007). Scherre's (2001) enquiry of the parallelism impact on state level displays that equal handling works all the more productively while going before markers are more comparative. In particular, in the event that the promptly going before markers are zeroes, the productivity of this standard is upgraded (Scherre, 2001).

As additionally go before by Labov (1994, pp.547-568), this impact doesn't uncover "propensities to save data". Taking a more unambiguous view, Jackendoff (2002) contends that informal articulations might have unpredictable sentence structure, while having customary phonological and semantic designs. He wisely brings up that phonological combinations can likewise be colloquial in that some happening courses of action might be exceptionally phenomenal in the language. Likewise, numerous dialects might have divisions with exceptionally restricted appropriation. Later on the specialists of language study have attempted to talk constraints of Jackendoff's origination. Language can't be so restricted down that it tends to be utilized to expressions also, phrasal action words. Assuming it is the situation, language would lose enthusiasm and reasonableness.

Hulst (2004) has sorted out the specific classified association in a whiz rule, everything being equal, for example physical, social as well as mental that produce boundless sets of articulations or assortments utilizing limited implies. The instructive ramifications of scholarly stylistics reasoning that elaborate examination in by and large and phonetic parallelism in especially can be utilized as a powerful apparatus for scholarly purposes. As per Collie also, Slater (1990, p. 3), there are four primary reasons which lead a language instructor to utilize writing in the homeroom. Which are important bona fide material, social enhancement, language advancement and individual inclusions. Hişmanoğlu (2005) trusts that writing gives perusers an alternate perspective towards language use by going past the known uses and rules of language, sentence structure and jargon.

The current review is novel and flexible on the grounds that it goes past the language limits and hindrances and is pointed toward making a similar investigation of phonetic parallelism in the writing of the two distinct dialects, for example English and Pushto. In request to bring up the essential distinctions in the fundamental designs of these dialects would be on one side, and the potential shared characteristics in the determination and decisions of words, the development of expressions for determining similar targets and objectives on the other, would be another principal focal points of this theory. This part of phonetic parallelism across the dialects, hence, stands apart among the current writing regarding the matter in the setting of English and pushto verse.